How Fuel Costs Have Affected the Airline Industry Essay

How Fuel Costs Have Affected the Airline Industry - Essay Example The point of this paper is to talk about the entirety of this, just as all attributes and figures included the matter of how fuel costs have influenced the carrier business. This is the thing that will be dissertated in the accompanying. The six most essential carriers in the United States have been debilitated since 2001; four out of these six were in certainty compelled to petition for financial protection in 2005. As indicated by certain experts, the whole aircraft industry is near the very edge of breakdown through and through; the essential driver being that of ever-expanding fuel costs. It's extremely awful at the present time, it's impractical, said Kevin Mitchell, Chairman of the Business Travel Coalition situated in Pennsylvania. It's as terrible as it gets. On the off chance that (oil) goes up another couple of dollars it will be to a greater extent a torment however it will be not really discernable from the agony that the carriers are feeling at the present time. (Delaney, 2006). Indeed, as indicated by Mitchell, the American aircraft industry essentially declined totally even to perceive the move in the commercial center five years prior. They neglected to comprehend that buyers were requesting regular, low, reasonable airfares. The transporters in Europe perceived that and started to make a move in 2001 and 2002 to get serious with ease bearers. The US transporters were obstinate all through the entire time, feeling that when the economy would bounce back, so would business explorers ready to pay $2500 for across the nation charges, and obviously that never occurred. (Delaney, 2006). Truth be told Northwest Airlines, the country's fourth-biggest carrier which is situated in Eagan, Minnesota, has stood out as truly newsworthy since the year unfurled. It detailed $450 million in misfortunes the primary quarter of 2005, it's stock costs are declining, it's fuel costs are rising, it requested that its worker's guilds freeze their present benefits programs in lieu of new commitment plans, it is endeavoring to cut yearly work costs by $1.1 billion, and on July 1 the association speaking to its repairmen approved a strike vote. (Oo, 2005). The present spike in oil costs is particularly incurring significant damage; bringing the carrier business into unfamiliar domain and bringing up numerous issues about the monetary practicality of numerous players in the business. Expanding fuel costs have additionally had consequences for worldwide exchange, which is one of the United States' most productive assets. Most likely expanding oil costs are probably going to hose worldwide exchange. Air freight traffic is a main pointer of any financial log jam. The air payload industry itself, in which fuel represents 20-30% of the operational expense, is ready to be the prime setback of the new period of costly oil, says a report entitled 'The Oil Crisis and its Impact broadcasting in real time Cargo Industry.' Stream fuel costs have nearly significantly increased in the previous four years. Accordingly, the world's carriers spent over $100 billion on fuel in 2005, a half increment more than 2004. At sensible oil costs of $30-$40 a barr el, world air load traffic was anticipated triple over current traffic levels. (IAGS, 2006). Fuel costs rank in as the main or number-two cost classification with respect to the aircraft business, and along these lines, carriers have a colossal worked in budgetary impetus to decrease utilization;

Complete a Case Analysis of Kraft Foods Inc Assignment

Complete a Case Analysis of Kraft Foods Inc - Assignment Example The elective procedures were given out dependent on the examination that was noted in the organization investigation. Existing Mission, Objectives, and Strategies Located in the UK, Kraft Food Company, the statement of purpose of the organization depends on a balanced key intend to begin executing it. Built up in 1903, the organization is an assembling combination situated in Illinois, a suburb in Chicago, USA and spends significant time in basic food item. An assembling firm, the organization basic food item assortment has a major lineation to coordinate food things, for example, accommodation nourishments, ice cream parlor, bites, drink and cheddar. The organization works in excess of 170 nations everywhere throughout the world. The organization doesn't work based on creation of the named food things a solitary however spends significant time in advertising, advancement, wellbeing and wellbeing just as wellbeing maintainability (Kraft, 2013). The organization tasks are along these lines dependent on a statement of purpose that hopes to advance a decent wellbeing in all the organization clients and consequently goes ‘Make Today Delicious’. The comprehensiveness is instilled in the way that the organization is a worldwide. The crucial about what the organization is and the organization is about the clients, their wellbeing and the general life that they live. The organization techniques taking into account the statement of purpose are very different. ... Creation isn't just a method of market food, the organization hence wishes to make a human asset the board quality where all the market will work for it. The last laid methodology is that the organization wishes to cause itself to be perceived as an elite most definitely. Taking into account these procedures, the organization thought of certain destinations that would see it understand the methodologies that it had intended to accomplish. The principal object that the organization wishes to execute is the speeding up of development of center brands. The second is that the organization wishes to broaden the attention to the estimation of its items in the creating nations. In addition, the organization wishes to build its estimation of those brands that are considered as low quality in the market. This will be done at the most reduced conceivable expense in the market. The last goal again depends on human asset and is leveled towards advancement of the organization esteems through work of submitted representatives. Another statement of purpose can be made for the organization dependent on a mix of its current qualities just as incorporation of the key destinations more than is secured. It would take closeness to ‘Making Today and Tomorrow Delicious’. This would mean the organization opens up more branches everywhere throughout the world with the goal that it can affect everybody decidedly. The organization will along these lines do this through arrangements for an all around experienced increasingly educated work group, cleaner eateries and at reasonable costs. SWOT (TOWS) Analysis of Kraft Food Inc. Worldwide organizations have extremely wide market inclusion and in this manner have the

Essay Topics for the Vade Mecum I Exam

Essay Topics for the Vade Mecum I ExamThe Vade Mecum I exam is no easy task for any student who is sitting for the exam. The college I examination is more than just sitting and writing an essay. The entire test is a hard one and there are many essay topics to choose from.The first essay that you need to choose from the Vade Mecum Ib Extended Essay Topics, if you fail to choose one, is: 'Politics, Philosophy and Society'. This is probably the most basic of all the essay topics. Any student who does not know how to do an essay can fail the course if they do not choose this essay topic.The second essay that you need to choose from the Vade Mecum I exam is 'The Environment'. This essay will test your knowledge on the Human race and the environment. Since this is an online format, it will only focus on the environment in which you live and breathe in.The third essay that you will need to choose from the Vade Mecum I exam is 'Mathematics'. This essay will test your knowledge on the subject of Geometry and Number Theory. For students who do not know much about this subject but want to take the exam because they are planning to do in high school, this is a great topic to pick.The fourth essay that you will need to choose from the Vade Mecum I exam is 'History'. This is the final section of the test and it tests your knowledge on the history and the present of the human race. Students who pass this will also be able to complete the International Baccalaureate Diploma (IB) when they get a score of 500 or higher.The fifth essay that you will need to choose from the Vade Mecum I exam is 'Political Science'. The other subjects that you need to learn about in this course include History, Literature, Philosophy, Theology, and Economics. If you want to get a good grade in this subject, you will need to learn all the subjects very well.To pass the IB, you will need to write at least 150 essays. It is recommended that you have a book or CD with you so that you can learn all the topics at your own pace.

The Aztec Capital - 2084 Words

Terms To Know: 1. Tribute: Tributes were used in the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan. The subject peoples brought gold, textiles, turquoise, obsidian, tropical bird feathers, and cacao to the capital as tribute. Tributes are goods given to rulers as an act of submission or in order to receive protection. 2. Matriarchal: A matriarchal society is a society governed by women. The Iroquios, five different native american nations banded together by a man named Hiawatha, ruled through a matriarchal system. Power was inherited through female lines of authority. These women had an influence in local councils. It is unusual that these women played such a significant role in society because they were usually seen as inferior. 3.Animists: Most of the†¦show more content†¦This power was determined by the teachings of the Christian Church. Women were seen as inferior, and once they married an Englishman, she assumed her husband’s surname,submitted to his orders, and surrendered the right to her property. As for the children, they worked for their father during their twenties. Most of the time, the father’s land was bestowed upon their eldest son. 5.Primogeniture: This was a practice in which fathers bestowed all their land upon their eldest son. This forced most of the younger children to join the poor. Very few people had the freedom to do as they please. 6. Peasants: Farmworkers who lived in small villages encompassed by fields farmed by different families working together. In 1550, most Europeans were peasants. Peasants turned into serfs in an exchange between the labor on the lord’s estate and farming rights. 7. Republics: The method used by Italian moneyed elites to rule their city-states. These were states which contained no prince or king, but rather governed by merchant coalitions. 8.Civic Humanism: The idea that praised public virtue and service to the state. This greatly influenced European and American ideas of government. It fathered Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and others. 9. Renaissance: A cultural transformation from 1300 to 1450 which began in Italy. This was a rebirth and revival of arts and learning. This created many masters in many different fields. 10. Guilds: Artisan organizations which

Agency Rules For Lgbt Workplace Discrimination Essay

Scheiber, N. (2015). U.S. Agency Rules for Gays in Workplace Discrimination. The New York Times. Ann Hopkins, a senior manager in the Office of Government Services, was nominated to be a partner in the accounting firm, Price Waterhouse. Her job performance was evaluated through a booklet that consisted of a headshot, peers’ performance evaluations, counseling session reports, statistical analyses and more. Several of Hopkins’ assessments agreed on her competency, hard-working attitude, and outstanding performance; however, many others argued she was too rough and lacked interpersonal skills. After going through a comprehensive admission process, the company decided to put her application on hold. Adverse comments from male partners outweighed her knowledge, skills, and experience. Subsequently, in the end, Price Waterhouse decided to turn down her nomination proposal. In the year 1984, Ann Hopkins filed a claim against Price Waterhouse for letting gender-bias influence her possible partnership with the company. According to Hopkins, she was falsely accused of her lack of interpersonal skills. If that would’ve been a real issue, there was no reason for the company to hire men with the same characteristics as her. She also argued that male partners judged her through a stereotypical lens, and Price Waterhouse did not address the possible discrimination that arises from having male partners determined her competency for the job. The lawsuit against Price Waterhouse claimedShow MoreRelatedWorkplace Discrimination Against Lgbt Essay1601 Words   |  7 PagesTopic: Workplace Discrimination against LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender) General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: Discrimination occurs against LGBT who are in different industries. 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Effectiveness Of The Performance Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Effectiveness Of The Performance Management. Answer: Performance appraisal is considered to be the predominant factor of a companys management and is important to be assessed in a proper way. According to Griffin and Elbert, formal evaluation of an employee's job performance in order to determine the degree to which the employee is performing effectively. Performance evaluation is a process through which an employees job performance can be evaluated effectively (Schraeder, Becton and Portis 2007). However, there is a controversy regarding the effectiveness of the performance management. The essay considers some positive and negative aspects of performance evaluation and also provides recommendation to improve the appraisal procedure. Next section discuses the importance of performance appraisal in an organization. First and foremost aspect of an appraisal system is the communication development procedure. The ability of effective communication is considered to be an essential part of todays industry. Communication skill is also directly related to the employees performance review. Proper communications can help produce easy and understandable presentations both internally and externally. Proper communication feedback from the top level managers can help employees to identify their problem areas and enhance their communication skill. On the hand, a fair and square performance evaluation through certain parameters such as attendance, team work and cooperation, integrity, level of productivity can help the employee to get motivated and identify their position in the organization (Goler, Gale and Grant 2016). Building trust is the most important aspect that affects the performance appraisal. In fact, according to Douglas Conant, Trust gives you the permission to give people direction, get everyone aligned, and give them the energy to go get the job done. Trust enables you to execute with excellence and produce extraordinary results. As you execute with excellence and deliver on your commitments, trust becomes easier to inspire, creating a flywheel of performance. It helps to enhance employees to concentrate more on office activities in order to achieve the organizational goal. A proper performance appraisal can help employees to determine the job status and also helps to grow a decisive relationship between companys corporate goal and human resource management. Performance evaluation enhances a companys overall performance. In recent days, despite of the growing need of performance evaluation, several managements are there who oppose this performance appraisal procedure because of which performance cannot be fairly evaluated. More often than not employees have a pessimistic conception about performance evaluation. In fact, in some cases, performance appraisal resulted as a daunting experience for few of the employees. Therefore, a fair performance review form should be based on some pre-set criteria related to the employees job role and the rating should be provided by the particular employees performance. Performance objectives are directly related to the appraisal system. Sometimes it may happen that the performance goals are too challenging especially for the new employees which in turn may have a significant negative effect on their effectiveness to work more. Therefore, the main objective should lie on how to improve the appraisal mana gement system with effective communication tool while managing the procedure within the prerequisite condition of the management system. In this context, according to Donald Rumsfeld, Your performance depends on your people. Select the best, train them and back them. When errors occur, give sharper guidance. If errors persist or if the fit feels wrong, help them move on. The country cannot afford amateur hour in the White House. In order to determine the employees performance, quarterly review should be needed (Achor, 2017). Immediate training rating system and feedback can help to improve the organizations ability to evaluate performance accurately. Moreover, 360-degree feedback (feedback from multiple sources) can also enhance employee performance. A proper performance evaluation helps employees to guide in a right way. Moreover, setting a proper performance objective is equally needed. Despite of all the challenges raised by organizations specific corporate goals, it is necessary for them to use appraisal management tool in the near future. According to Jay Samit, To be successful, innovation is not just about value creation, but value capture. References: Achor, S. 2017.The happy secret to better work. [online] Ted.com. Available at: https://www.ted.com/talks/shawn_achor_the_happy_secret_to_better_work/transcript?language=en [Accessed 10 Nov. 2017]. Goler, L., Gale, J. and Grant, A., 2016. Let's Not Kill Performance Evaluations Yet.HARVARD BUSINESS R,94(11), pp.90-+. Heffernan, M. 2015 Forget the pecking order at work Available at: https://www.ted.com/talks/margaret_heffernan_why_it_s_time_to_forget_the_pecking_order_at_work/transcript [Accessed: 1 September 2017] Schraeder, M., Becton, J.B. and Portis, R., 2007. A Critical Examination of Performance Appraisals.Journal for Quality Participation,30(1). Varma, A., Budhwar, P.S. and DeNisi, A.S. eds., 2008.Performance management systems: A global perspective. Taylor Francis.

The Five Essential Characteristics of Project Managers free essay sample

This paper focus on the positive personality traits of project managers which can contribute to project success and negative personality traits of project managers which would hamper the effective management of projects. The Five Essential Characteristics of Project Managers 1, Good interpersonal and communication skills The ability of communication is always one of the most important skill for effective management. Project managers need to know how to clearly and accurately present the right information to the right people in the appropriate manner (Rosenhead, 2012). For the external environment, project managers need to be able to explain the needs and decisions to a wide variety of stakeholders (Pinto, 2010). It is also necessary to convince stakeholders to keep focus on project benefits to get more supports. For the internal environment, project managers need to have a good interaction with team members throughout the project implementation process which include talking and listening concerns and potential problems of the project, giving the feedback and coach to team members, motiving team members keeping high-performances (Pinto, 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on The Five Essential Characteristics of Project Managers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is good to create an openness and directness communication environment for the project team. Obviously, a bad communicator cannot be a project manager. 2, Team-Building skills Because the team member come from different department of the organization, it is hard to make them from a group strangers to a single cohesive unit. Project managers must understand this progress and relevant requirements for the transformation (Rosenhead, 2012). In order to build a motivated team, project managers need to take time to understand each team member’s personality, strengths, and weaknesses (Barry, 2013). Meanwhile, project managers also need to have the ability to handle the conflicts. It is also necessary to provide the substance to hold team members together toward the project goals, such as to praise outstanding team members (Brown, 2012). 3, Leadership abilities Good leadership is commitment to ethical practices (Barry, 2013). Project managers create standards of ethical behavior for themselves and team members. The team living by these standards are responsibilities of project leaders. For example, project leaders should reward team member who exemplify these practices. Leadership based on integrity and a set of values, behavior consistent with values (Brown, 2012). In other words, the project leader earns trust from to do what he/she say. Good leadership requires appropriate reaction to changes (Barry, 2013). There are a lot of uncontrolled factors could affect project implementation. Under any of situation, project managers cannot be panic. A leader should show a positive image to the world and let everyone to see that he/she are not flustered by any sudden changes to the plan. â€Å"Being able to react in the right way and show everyone else that you are still in control is a tremendous attribute for any project manager (Rosenhead, 2012). † 4, Ability to Delegate Tasks Project leaders need have the ability to delegate tasks to team members, especially, there is a huge amount of work that need be done in a limited time (Barry, 2013). Trust is an essential element in the relationship of project leader and team members (Rosenhead, 2012). To delegate tasks to others is an action to prove the trust to team members. Some of project leaders do not want to risk to let somebody else to do a poor-performances job, they almost do everything. However, this is a wrong perspective. The project leader often fail who are unable to trust his/her team members (Barry, 2013). It is important to allow team members to participate project tasks. Project managers have to delegate tasks to right people which depends on the understanding of each individuals’ level of skill or limitations (Brown, 2012). 5, Understanding and appreciation of differences As the word is becoming more global, the workplace is becoming more diverse, project leaders have to learn how to manage projects globally. Sensitively to deal project personnel who are from various ethnic, cultural, religious, and socioeconomic backgrounds is critical to build an effective project team (Barry, 2013). Conclusion The characteristics of project managers have a great influence to the success of a project. How to choose right people to lead a project is critical or the company. Basically, an effective project managers should have good interpersonal and communication skills, team-Building skills, leadership abilities, tasks distribution ability, and the understanding of multi-culture. References Pinto, K. J. (2010). Project management: Achieving competitive advantage, 2nd ed. Pearson Education Rosenhead, R. (2012). Can the personality traits of a project manager contribute to project success? Retrieved from http://www. ronrosenhead. co. uk/4630/can-the-personality-traits-of-a-project-manager-contribute-to-project-success/ Brown, S. (2012). Factors most critical to the success of a project manage. Retrieved from http://www. brighthubpm. com/resource-management/63002-factors-most-critical-to-the-success-of-a-project-manager/ Barry, R. T. (2013). Top 10 qualities of a project manager. Retrieved from http://www. projectsmart. co. uk/top-10-qualities-project-manager. html

Dangerous Rock Music essays

Dangerous Rock Music essays Rock music and the word dangerous have been known to be used in the same sentence together; is it dangerous because of the lyrics or is it just dangerous to our hearing? Rock music has been around since the fifties, so has the last 40 years created dangerous people causing violence and mayhem or is violence just in our nature? Parents have been trying to fight against the devil music (Rock music) that was corrupting the youth since the fifties and are still trying to rid the world of it. Yet, it is ok to play tackle football, hockey, boxing and be on the wrestling team because those are considered a sport. Parents can only see music associated with pain, sex and violence. There is no proof from either side that music contributes to violence, parents are using just casual observation. Just because of a few committed acts of anger, people point fingers and use music as a sense of reason for horrible active violence. The truth is that rock music is just not dangerous and if we we re to pinpoint where the violence in our society begun, it would be in the quality of our parenting. Parents cannot take away The freedom of speech amendment that are forefathers created for us. Without it the government would censer and take away our rights. Our forefathers could not imagine that one day there would be music so disgusting, violent, loud, sexual, and contain foul language. People of today believe rock music manipulates the mind of young innocent people. The Freedom of Speech amendment is overused and needs to be rewritten by the government. It is not the peoples fault for listening to violent rock music: it is the artists who created the music, peer pressure from friends and family, music television (MTV), fashion, fame and society. Under the guise of free speech merchandisers are aggressively doing violence to our kids. They in turn, are doing violence to each other (527 Cultural Vandals)....

Breaking Cover

It was sunny, breezy Sunday afternoon in July, and three girls crowded around the window seat, looking out at the hunks from a volleyball camp on the Skidmore campus quad play Ultimate Frisbee. Some of those playing had even taken off their shirts, revealing the muscles underneath, resulting in the squeals of delight that had first attracted my attention. As our camp was for the nerdy sort, our boys rarely looked so well-developed. My dormmates were chatting, creating a pleasant hum of conversation. I was the youngest in the bunch, rather like a kid sister. You know, SJs a lesbian, Corinne said idly. It was like poking a beehive. An immense buzzing started as every girl added her commentary. My face must have shown my consternation, because Corinne was suddenly asking, concernedly, if Id known. Dead silence and all eyes on me. My face heated. I gave a short nod of acknowledgement. Inwardly I added a small footnote of just since yesterday. In fact, SJ had been rather blunt. Shed said point-blank, after fumbling a few moments, that she was a lesbian. That while she didnt go out and advertise, she also didnt try to hide it. My reply had been equally awkward. The conversation took on a strained tone. I gave a half-shrug and mumbled OK. The room was dimming with the setting sun, but neither of us moved to turn on the lights. What should I say? Should I change the subject? It would be a death-knell to our friendship, but I had other friends here. It was only a week before I went home. I didnt have to deal with this. I was panicking now. Invisible deep breath. Im in a gifted program, think about this! Whats changed? Shes gay, you dolt! But that doesnt change the fact that all in all SJ was still the same, still running to sign up for morning running, still able to have rapid-fire Spanish conversations with Lori that left me convulsing in laughter. I conveyed my rev elations to SJ, and the room brightened as I flipped the switch and turned on the light. After that quick agreement, we fell into a more companionable silence. The conversation flowed on to family and other matters. Friendship kept, crisis avoided. But apparently I hadnt dodged the bullet as cleanly as Id hoped. Now I once again had to make a decision. Betray SJ and talk behind her back, or defend her and possibly ostracize myself from the rest of my hallmates. It was especially likely, as several of them went to church. But there was really only one thing to do. I wasnt panicking now. Im fine with it. Are you? I asked, a little challenging. Two weeks after camp ended, I received a letter from SJ, which thanked me for being so accepting on campus and supporting her among our hallmates. I didnt know shed known.

Financial Analysis for Managers Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Analysis for Managers - Article Example However, the highly competitive nature of today’s corporate world has given rise to an essence of unethical behaviour which underlies a majority of business operations; in order to ensure their success. Many a times, unethical behaviour in the workplace has an immense negative impact on the organization and its employees. These effects can be psychological, financial, social, or even bureaucratic in nature. Financially speaking, if a company adheres to unethical means, then it endangers its image in the eyes of the public, and less people would be interested in dealing with the firm. These may include suppliers, financial institutions, customers and distributors. Such a trade-less condition obviously is a set-back to the revenue, and thus the profit of the company. Moreover, from an intra-firm point of view, employees would have lesser faith in a company which does not deal ethically with the public, as there emerges a possibility of the firm using corrupt means against employ ees; if need be someday. Not only does this encourage the existing workforce to leave the firm, it also keeps potential employees to join the firm. This proves to be disastrous for the company’s overall growth and progress.

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 21

Personal Statement Example During that time, I had to adjust to the local culture. This of course threw up its fair share of challenges, but I was determined to succeed. I preserved through many language courses and made a concerted effort to speak Japanese whenever I had the chance to converse with the locals. I did not think at that time that learning Japanese would give me a leg up in life, but later on I got a job working at a Japanese restaurant. My knowledge of Japanese helped to convince my boss to give me the job over the other candidates. 3. The most significant challenge that I have faced was when I decided to study abroad. This was a new experience for me because I had never traveled overseas by myself before. When I arrived, I did not know anyone and could not fit into the local culture the way that I wanted to. I did not understand the language and the cultural customs were foreign to me. I overcame these obstacles by trying to adopt a Japanese way of life and keep an open mind, which allowed me to take many things onboard. 4. I have made my community a better place to live by volunteering for a couple of local soup kitchens. My motivation for participating in these activities at the beginning was simply to get a good reference for my resume, but after seeing the faces and hearing of the lives of some of the people who come into soup kitchens, I have realized that what I do cannot be measured because it is not really tangible. 5. I have witnessed many types of discrimination, but one experience that stands out in my mind is when I helped out an old black woman who was not being served at a soup kitchen. Some of the other servers were busy, but there were a few who were available but just did not see her or did not want to see her. I went over and helped reassure her that she was in the right place. 6. I want to receive an education that allows me to pursue my work goals in the long term. I will work

Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction Essay -- Aesthetic Attitude

Visit any major museum of art, at any given time, and one could find an abundance of monumental names listed on tiny plaques hanging next to even more recognizable works of art. The excitement felt by any art enthusiast when walking into these buildings of time and creation, is undeniable and especially unique. Could it be the atmosphere of the building, the presence of artwork, the people, possibly the grandeur of the space, or perhaps, could it be the spirit of the artists themselves, peering through the work they created? As onlookers peer into the artworks in front of them, there is no question as to whether or not they considered what the artwork means, where it came from and what the artist was interested in who created it. The intrigued viewer quite possibly could also want to have a conversation with that artist and ask them questions about the artwork and what it was that they were thinking about when producing it, with a goal of better understanding what they were looking at. As the viewer and after serious contemplation, would you believe you understood the artwork as the artist or artist’s society believed the work? Could you appreciate the work the same? Walter Benjamin, a well known German-Jewish Marxist literary and cultural critic, philosopher, translator and essayist introduced ideas and questions similar to these in his epic essay, â€Å"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction.† He wrote about many different ideas concerning the concept of art, writing, po litics and society. Benjamin was born in Berlin on July 15, 1892. He worked and lived in Germany for the majority of his life. He earned a Ph. D in 1919, but never held an academic career (egs.edu, 2009). â€Å"He dedicated his life’s work to writ... ... 41-46. Ebscohost. Web. 12 Nov. 2009 Luehrman M., Unrath K. â€Å"Bringing Children to Art- Bringing Art to Children.† Art Education. Jan. 2009: 41-47. Print. Peim, Nick. â€Å"Walter Benjamin in the Age of Digital Reproduction: Aura in Education: A Rereading of ‘The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction.’† Journal of Philosophy of Education 41.3 (2007): 363-380. Wilson Web. Web. 2 Nov. 2009. Stolnitz, Jerome. â€Å"One The Apparent Demise of Really High Art.† The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 43.4 (1985): 345-358. Wilson Web. Web. 15 Oct. 2009. Stolnitz, Jerome. â€Å"The Aesthetic Attitude’ in the Rise of Modern Aesthetics.†Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 36.4 (1978): 409-422. Wilson Web. Web. 15 Oct. 2009. Townsend, Chris. â€Å"Knowledge as Spectacle.† Art Monthly 322 (Dec.2008/Jan.2009): 11- 14. Wilson Web. Web. 15 Oct. 2009.

MacBride Report Essay

Many Voices One World: An Analysis of the MacBride Report This report on the MacBride Report aims to give the reasons why the report did have a present-day relevance in the Internet aided-text message enabled- 4G networked World. Although considered controversial, the heated discussions on the World Wide Web, books and live arguments among communication stalwarts, the MacBride Report has emerged to be the first ever world-re port to have UNESCO support in matters of communication and the proble ms related to international relations and internal conflicts. The 1979 report has had 16 committee members from all over the world researching the plethora of considerable means of communications; possible outcomes of analysis and the most probable flak that was yet to be received with the New Orde r they conjured up to. Here is a report on the same: The background of inception: Amadau-Mahtar M? Bow (Director-General of UNESCO) was instructed in the 19th session of the UNESCO General Confe rence in Nairobi to undertake a revie w of all the problems of communication with relation to complexities and magnitude of technological advance and international affairs. He appointed the Irish Nobel Laureate Sean MacBride as the President of International Commission for the Study of Communication Proble ms. Several big brains from countries like USA, France, USSR, India, Nigeria, Egypt, the Netherlands, Canada, and Chile etc. were appointe d in the important research work. The MacBride report and the study per se took over two years to complete a thorough research. Two months went only to draft a final report. Precisely, eight sessions in a span of 24 months are the meetings that took place of the committee of people coming from different he mispheres, regions and latitudes. In 1978, in the 20th session of the General Conference of the UNESCO, the MacBride report was unanimously adopted. English, French, Russian, Chinese, Spanis h and Arabic we re the languages initially approved to have the report published in. â€Å"Defenders of journalistic freedom we re labeled intruders on national sovereignty† is a powe rful thing to say, back in 1977 by Sean MacBride. A balanced, non-partisan, within the purview of Objectivity and clearly generic enough to engulf the situation prevalent in the whole world niformly or otherwise was the biggest concern and challe nge, said MacBride. It is inte resting to note in 2011, the â€Å"modern culture of communication† was pretty much different in 1977. The concepts and the tradition of communication to be â€Å"friendly, collabo rative and cooperative† were widely looked forward to. To include every aspect of communication-the people, the need and the means was the first step that the team of intellectu als carried out in their respective nations. H G Wells said (edited) â€Å"History becomes more and more a race between communication and catastrophe. Full use of communication in all its varied strands is vital to assure that humanity has more than a history†¦that our childre n are ensured a future. † Sure enough, communication in the 21st century is almost paralleled with de mocracy, dreams and yes, catastrophe. Evidently, the MacBride project with 16 stalwarts of communication and intelligence tried to build a world order. A New Order of communication that set up various standards defined the m and punched various data in reference to problems, future value and most importantly, the sustainability of communication for the humanity in the peaceful, war-like or a day in the normal course of the late 1900s even. Indians particularly had a very relevant role to play back in 1970s when the report was being studied upon. Various meetings in different generics, cultural and geographical backgrounds were made possible. This was followe d by various pe rspectives on the communication and its absolute need in nations in the Indian sub-continent. This supported by India? s dive rse language culture and the need felt by every citizen from the Indian Sub-continent to preserve and share his language beyond the realms of culture was what made MacBride really unique back then. Boobli George Varghese was the Indian who represented the nation in the committee which drafted the MacBride report-right from its initiation to the end result. The Analysis for yesterday? s tomorrow: The MacBride Report can be understood with present day cases. Communication and the Society: Communication has a direct relevance to evolution, says the report. No matter how advanced we are, our roots go back to days our ancestors spent hours roaming the jungles to search for food, preserve their race by reproduction and save their skin by being akin to the â€Å"Survival of the fittest†. The report asserts that in every action of the early man, communication-oral, physical, gestural or otherwise played a huge part in the development of the species. The thinking social animal later came to discover the Internet to make Earth seem smaller than before. Hence, from the earliest centuries of existence to the discovery of language to the making of paper, to the schools and colleges promoting education and to the latest reports on Mashable. com about the human interaction and development has a task of crediting the same to Communication as the biggest blessing. Comparing communication from the days of 1970s when the communication aided debates, lectures, motivated and guided people via books, maps, enabled sign language in a documented fashion to the communication today: on mobile phones, click of a button, travel, insurance or health, media or entertainment, MacBride predicted most of it. The computers have a major cre dit in the Future section of the history of Communication in the MacBride report; and ve ry appropriately so. Communication Today: This section of report concentrates much on HOW the communication has/had/will happens. Naturally, body language, signs, gestures were the forefathers of short hand, typed words or even handwriting class children take today. The alphabet in Chinese, Latin or Sanskrit has a large r share of history rather, unexplored. The developing nations have been accredited to knowing more than their national languages because of the economic good that comes their way when they possess „skills of a foreign language?. Beyond economics, communication has been one of the biggest employers in developing countries—the Business Process Outsourcing being the most recent relevant example. The MacBride report explores various ways in which communication takes place-among the demography of people in different Diasporas in an alarmingly evolving world. Telephone has an entire chapter dedicated to it. Not surprisingly, even today, telephone and its youngest cousin, mobile phone telephony has the biggest market—practically everywhere in the world. The reason? Communication! Proble ms and Issues of Common Concern: â€Å"Everyone has a right to freedom of opinion and expression, this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interferences and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any me dia regardless of frontiers†. The line aptly conjures up the same emotion Sean MacBride expressed in the statement â€Å"Defenders of journalistic freedom we re labeled ntruders on national sovereignty†. According to the MacBride report, there is never a complete free flow of information for several reasons of safety and security, securing important info rmation behind safe fences or for reasons of individual or national inte rests. Censorship could be widely criticize d but it ensures that not all information is leaked, especially the one which does need a non-Wiki Leaks approach. Very interestingly, the MacBride report does predict that one of the proble ms that the world could be facing in the „near future? s blatant exposes. The moral dilemmas of the world dealing with (ref: Wiki Leaks) would be most resourceful to note and study. In another present day scenarios, a certain American radio-announce r/ reporter expressed, â€Å"nervous ness† in the presence of Muslims. He was immediately suspended from job. Such cases are present day cases of proble ms of communication which could be biased, untruth or clearly blurry. Such communication could lead to bigger tensions internationally, hints the MacBride project. The Institutional and Professional Frame work: This is the most interesting part of the MacBride project hinting at various current scenarios in the communication. Considering Facebook is banned in China and that there are local Chinese versions of the same we bsite are the most relevant examples. Economically, China pumps in social network and blogs by way of Chinese-owned (the real owner being the regime, anyway), censored websites that could ban, block or manipulate information if it is inflammable enough to thrust a wind of „free opinion? among the Chinese. The MacBride report does indicate that having Development Strategies and discussing the m on an international forum could give way to debates. It is indeed controversial when communication and entertainment tools like YouTube are temporarily blocked in a democratic India over censorship issues. The Governme nt? s interference in people? s communication is rightfully controversial, so also is the Vigilance factor (terroris m). The MacBride report hints that the re wouldn? t be a win-win law that could ens ure both freedom and security in 100% of the cases. Professional frame work of communication is the need of the ho ur irrespective of the geographical or historical background of the governance. The facts of the 1970s mentioned/studied up on by the committee somehow add totality to the curre nt scenes in communication management. Hence, the elaboration of the present case-studies. The recomme ndations and the flak received: This part of the report forms the conclusive recommendations given by the committee towards solving the various problems discussed and expected in the near future. However, there have been several criticis ms drawn by the MacBride report. Although supported very we ll by international communities, the United States and the United Kingdom condemned the report on basis of an attack on the freedom of the press. There are reports of US and UK withdrawing from the UNESCO in protest in the years 1984 and 1985 (later re joined). Making communication an important part of development is perhaps the strongest message the MacBride reports sends across the world order. In the curre nt scene, internet has replaced the theoretical â€Å"communication device†. No matter which side of the globe once resides in, connectivity to the internet is considered utterly necessarily in a rapidly informed and fast world. Secondly, efforts to preserve languages must begin right from the grass-root stage. No matter how able the technology, the absence of a medium of communication can disable every communicative tweet, Face book status or a text message. Communication is language. Third, perhaps the most important one in the whole world: education. Mere literacy ensures statistical ego-boost to the GDP counting economists. MacBride report hints at education beyond minimum elementary level. In addition to radio, TV and ne wspaper networks, MacBride report focuses its largest recommendation to the integrity of the media in trying situations of world/national/local ne ws. The communication of the ne w world is ensured true and fair if the reporting media conjures up enough confidence to call s pade a spade. Utilization of communication devices, research and development and practical upgrade of knowledge are the other recommendations of the MacBride report.

Taking a Look at the French Revolution - 593 Words

In France, the year 1789 is one marked by poverty and uncertainty; furthermore it was aggravated by the unresolved political, financial and social dispute that has managed to escalate throughout the years. The weak King Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette (also known as â€Å"Madame Deficit† for her constant interference in the government), rule France and the country is divided in three main social classes, or Estates. The First (clergy) and Second (nobles) Estate and the Third Estate representing the majority of France (with little to no power to influence the government) included the rest of France’s population. France is in the midst of an economic, political and social crisis; King Louis XVI has spent the vast majority of the treasury of France on wars against Britain, none of which resulted in victory; however, they left France with a growing debt and no credibility. Other factors that must be taken into consideration that have only worsened Frances economica l position is the Kings refusal to impose taxes on the higher social classes while forcing the Third Estate to pay heavy taxes, which the King and Queen spend on their own comfort and for their personal benefit. The price of food and rent have risen drastically; while the Third Estate desperately struggles to pay their taxes and feed their family, the First and Second Estates spent countless amounts of money on unnecessary luxuries. Louis refusal to step in and enforce equality in his country, and the unfairShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution Essay590 Words   |  3 PagesThe French Revolution The French Revolution last from 1789 to 1799. This war had many causes that began the revolution. Its causes ranged from the American Revolution, the economic crisis in France, social injustices to the immediate causes like the fall of Bastille, the Convening of he Estate-General, and the Great Fear. 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